The EU has an extensive dual-use industry that brings together thousands of small, medium, and large-sized companies that provide highly valued jobs and know-how, including significant R&D work. According to the European Commission, dual-use items are often high-tech products and have ramifications across a wide range of key sectors of the EU economy; they include leading edge technologies that are crucial to the EU's drive towards innovation and competitiveness. In 2014, the total value of controlled dual-use exports reached EUR 59 billion, representing 3.4% of total EU exports to third countries. Few exports were actually denied, representing a negligible portion of total EU exports.